By Sara G. Miller, Staff Writer Credit: chombosan/Shutterstock
n 2017, Live Science is bringing our readers a monthly series on personal health goals. We'll give you tips and tricks for reaching those goals, based on the advice we've gathered from the many health experts we've interviewed. Each month, we'll focus on a different goal, and the goal for July is "Get Gutsy About Your Digestive Health." Follow us onFacebookandTwitterto connect with other readers who are working toward these goals.
Gut health affects everyone, whether they have a chronic condition or an occasional tummy ache. And nearly all of the activities you do each day, from sitting down to breakfast to settling in to bed at night, can have an impact on your gut health. This July, take control of your gut health with tips from Live Science. We've rounded up our best reporting to give you the details on digestive health, from easy explainers on common conditions to the latest studies in the realm of the gut.
Back to basics: A journey through the digestive tract
Your digestive health starts with the mouth and ends at the anus. Along this path, called the digestive tract, multiple organs play important roles in how the body processes food. Problems with these organs can lead to aches and pains, but before we get into what can go wrong in the gut (and how to keep it healthy), let's get back to basics with an overview of the body's digestive system.
Digestive issues can strike at any point along the body's digestive tract, from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the esophagus, to inflammatory bowel disease down in the large intestine. Here are some of the common gut conditions that people may experience:
Acid reflux: Acid reflux, which goes by the medical name gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is chronic condition that occurs when a person's stomach contents wash up into his or her throat. The condition can cause heartburn, which occurs when stomach acid burns the esophagus. Damage from GERD can increase people's risk for a condition called Barrett's esophagus, which, in turn, may increase their risk of a rare form of esophageal cancer, according to the National Institutes of Health.
Stomach ulcers: More than 25 million Americans will experience a stomach ulcer — an open sore in the lining of the stomach that can cause a dull or burning pain — at some point in their lifetime, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Although the condition was once thought to be caused by spicy foods, doctors now know that stomach ulcers are most commonly caused by a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori or medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves chronic inflammation in the gut. There are two main types of IBD: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In both conditions, a person can develop swelling and sores in the lining of the digestive tract and, in particular, in the lining of the intestines. An estimated 3 million Americans have some form of IBD, according to the CDC.
Irritable bowel syndrome: When a person has irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), food doesn't move normally through the digestive tract. This can lead to a combination of symptoms, including abdominal pain, cramping, constipation and diarrhea. The disorder is very common, affecting as many as 1 in 5 U.S. adults, according to the NIH.
Diverticulitis: Diverticulitis is a condition that occurs in the wall of a person's gut, most commonly in the large intestine. The gut wall bulges out from its usual position and forms a small sac (called a diverticulum), and this sac becomes inflamed. The condition leads to about 210,000 hospitalizations each year, according to a recent study in the journal Gut. In many cases, diverticulitis can be treated with antibiotics and a liquid diet, which allows the gut to heal, according to the Mayo Clinic. In severe cases, patients may need intravenous antibiotics or surgery.
Celiac disease: People with celiac disease cannot properly digest gluten, a protein found in grains such as wheat, barley and rye. Gluten triggers an immune response in the body, causing antibodies to attack and damage the walls of the small intestine. This damage can make it difficult for people with celiac disease to absorb nutrients from the foods they eat. About 1 percent of Americans have celiac disease, according to the National Foundation for Celiac Awareness.
Colon cancer (sometimes called colorectal cancer, to include cancers found in the rectum) is the third most common cancer in both men and women in the U.S., according to the American Cancer Society (ACS). In 2017, the ACS estimates that there will be more than 135,000 colorectal cancer cases diagnosed in Americans. The disease is the second-most-common cause of cancer-related deaths in men and the third-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women, according to the ACS.
There are many steps people can take to help prevent or reduce their risk of developing colon cancer. For example, lifestyle behaviors, such as doing enough physical activity and eating a fiber-rich diet, have been linked to a lower risk of colon cancer. In addition, screening for colon cancer by undergoing colonoscopies as recommended can both detect precancerous polyps and remove them. Scientists are looking for ways to make colonoscopies less uncomfortable for patients. In one instance, for example, scientists developed a magnetic robot that can perform the procedure, though it hasn't been tested in humans yet.
Though they are relatively rare in the United States, there are a number of parasites that can live in your gut, including tapeworms and roundworms. Symptoms of gut parasites can include abdominal pain, diarrhea and weight loss, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Although these creepy-crawlies induce a pretty strong "ick" factor, most can be treated with anti-parasitic medications.
But gut diseases and parasites don't tell the whole story. It's also important to take steps to maintain a healthy gut. Scientists now know that probiotics, which are commonly found in products lining store shelves today, play a role in maintaining good digestive health. These "good bacteria" live in the gut as part of the vast microbiome, or the body's entire community of bacteria. Researchers are just scratching the surface of how these microbes affect our health, but so far, the results are promising.
As scientists learn more and more about the multitude of bacteria that live in the gut, a second line of inquiry is emerging: Can doctors treat health problems with these bacteria? Fecal microbiota transplantations, known colloquially as "poop transplants," are shaping up to be an effective way to treat problematic gut bacteria and, in particular, infections caused by a dangerous bacterium called Clostridium difficile.
Now, a new question is emerging: If poop transplants can treat C. diff, what else can they do?
To some people, gluten may sound like just a buzzword. But people with certain health conditions —namely, celiac disease — should avoid eating the gelatinous protein, which is found in wheat, barley and rye. Gluten gives dough its elasticity and helps make baked goods chewy. And although its role in celiac disease is clear, scientists are still studying how gluten affects people who do not have celiac disease, including those with a condition called non-celiac gluten sensitivity. (People with non-celiac gluten sensitivity experience symptoms when they eat gluten, but don't test positive for celiac disease.) If you don't have gluten sensitivity or celiac disease, gluten is totally safe to eat.
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